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Ingredient directory

Browse supplement ingredients A–Z. Each page covers forms, typical amounts, what researchers have studied, considerations and sources.

A

HERBAL

Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an herb used in Ayurvedic tradition. Supplements use root or…

Research in progress

B

VITAMIN

Biotin

Biotin is a B vitamin involved in metabolizing fats, carbohydrates and protein. It is widely marketed for…

Research in progress

C

MINERAL

Calcium

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and the main structural mineral in bones and teeth.…

Research in progress
PROTEIN

Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in skin, tendons and bone. Supplements are usually hydrolyzed…

Research in progress
NUTRIENT

CoQ10

Coenzyme Q10 is a compound the body makes that is involved in cellular energy production. Supplements come…

Research in progress
AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE

Creatine

One of the most researched sports supplements. Forms and formats vary widely in cost per 5 g.

E

MINERAL BLEND

Electrolytes

Electrolyte products combine sodium, potassium, chloride and sometimes magnesium, usually as drink mixes or…

Research in progress

F

CARBOHYDRATE

Fiber

Fiber supplements include psyllium, methylcellulose, wheat dextrin and inulin. They differ in solubility,…

Research in progress
VITAMIN

Folate

Folate is a B vitamin needed to make DNA and for cell division. Supplements contain either folic acid or…

Research in progress

I

MINERAL

Iron

Iron is a mineral needed to make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. Iron needs differ widely by…

Research in progress

L

AMINO ACID

L-Theanine

L-theanine is an amino acid found naturally in tea leaves. It’s sold alone or combined with caffeine or…

Research in progress

M

MINERAL

Magnesium

An essential mineral sold in many salt forms — glycinate, citrate, oxide and more — with very different elemental amounts.

HORMONE

Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone the brain produces in response to darkness that helps regulate sleep–wake timing. In…

Research in progress

O

FATTY ACID

Omega-3

EPA and DHA from fish or algae. The “fish oil” number on the front is rarely the omega-3 number.

P

LIVE MICROORGANISMS

Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms intended to provide a benefit. Effects are specific to particular…

Research in progress
MACRONUTRIENT

Protein

Protein powders provide concentrated protein from dairy (whey, casein) or plants (pea, soy, rice and…

Research in progress

V

VITAMIN

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is needed for red blood cell formation, nerve function and DNA synthesis. It is found naturally…

Research in progress
VITAMIN

Vitamin C

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin needed to make collagen and certain neurotransmitters,…

Research in progress
VITAMIN

Vitamin D

A fat-soluble vitamin sold as D2 or D3. Labels list micrograms (mcg), often with IU in parentheses.

Z

MINERAL

Zinc

Zinc is a trace mineral involved in immune function, wound healing and many enzymes. Supplements and…

Research in progress